| Direct-Fired Air Heater | Combustion gases mix directly with heated air | 50 kW–10 MW | 85–95% | Ambient to approximately 300°C outlet air | Kerosene, diesel, No. 2 heating oil, light fuel oil | Usually up to 6–20 cSt at 40°C | High heat-transfer efficiency, compact layout, rapid warm-up, relatively low capital cost | Warehouses, construction sites, agricultural buildings, drying and process ventilation |
| Indirect-Fired Air Heater | Combustion gases pass through a heat exchanger; clean air is delivered separately | 30 kW–5 MW | 75–90% | Ambient to approximately 200°C outlet air | Kerosene, diesel, No. 2 heating oil, light fuel oil | Usually up to 6–20 cSt at 40°C | Separates combustion products from process air; suitable where clean air is required | Food and pharmaceutical areas, occupied buildings, paint shops, clean drying processes |
| Thermal-Oil Heater | Oil-fired burner heats a closed-loop thermal fluid circuit | 100 kW–15 MW | 80–92% | Typically 150–320°C supply temperature; higher temperatures require suitable fluid and design | Diesel, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil with fuel preheating and appropriate burner equipment | Light oil: commonly up to 20 cSt; heavy oil systems may handle approximately 50–700 cSt after preheating | Stable high-temperature heat, low operating pressure compared with steam, accurate temperature control | Chemical processing, asphalt, edible-oil processing, textiles, wood products and industrial ovens |
| Oil-Fired Hot-Water Heater | Burner heats pressurized water in a coil or shell-and-tube heat exchanger | 100 kW–5 MW | 80–95% | 60–120°C supply water; some systems operate at higher temperatures | Kerosene, diesel, No. 2 heating oil, light fuel oil; heavy oil requires preheating | Light oil: commonly up to 6–20 cSt at 40°C | Simple water-based heat distribution, good part-load control, suitable for closed-loop systems | Building heating, hot-water production, district heating and low-to-medium temperature processes |
| Oil-Fired Steam Boiler | Burner transfers heat to boiler water to generate saturated or superheated steam | 0.5–30 t/h steam capacity | 80–95% | Approximately 120–300°C saturated-steam temperature, depending on pressure | Diesel, light fuel oil and heavy fuel oil with heated storage, tracing and burner preheating | Light oil: up to 20 cSt; heavy fuel oil commonly requires delivery to the burner at approximately 10–20 cSt | High heat density, easy steam distribution, suitable for sterilization and process heating | Food processing, laundries, chemical plants, refineries, hospitals and manufacturing facilities |
| Oil-Fired Tube Furnace / Process Heater | Radiant and convective heat from combustion transfers through process tubes | 1–100 MW | 70–90% | Process outlet temperatures commonly 200–500°C | Diesel, light fuel oil and heavy fuel oil; burner design must match sulfur content and viscosity | Heavy fuel oil typically requires preheating to achieve burner-ready viscosity | High process temperature, high capacity, direct control of process-fluid heating and continuous-duty capability | Petrochemical processing, crude-oil service, heat-transfer-fluid systems and large-scale industrial production |
| Waste-Oil Heater | Burns filtered waste lubricating oil or approved recovered oil in a dedicated combustion chamber | 30 kW–1 MW | 70–85% | Typically up to 90°C hot-water supply or approximately 120°C warm-air outlet, depending on design | Used lubricating oil and other approved recovered oils; not automatically compatible with standard heating oil | Often approximately 20–100 cSt at 40°C after filtration and conditioning | Can reduce disposal volume and fuel-purchasing costs where a reliable waste-oil stream exists | Vehicle workshops, maintenance depots and industrial spaces, subject to local waste-oil regulations |
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