| 1 | Type 1+2 photovoltaic DC SPD | PV arrays with an external lightning protection system | 600 V DC | 600 V DC | 20 kA | 40 kA | ≤25 ns | IEC 61643-31 | Verify impulse-current capability, protective voltage, and coordination with upstream protection. |
| 2 | Type 2 photovoltaic DC SPD | Rooftop and ground-mounted PV systems without direct lightning-current exposure | 1,000 V DC | 1,000 V DC | 20 kA | 40 kA | ≤25 ns | IEC 61643-31 | Choose a PV-rated device with a maximum continuous operating voltage above the array's maximum open-circuit voltage. |
| 3 | Type 2 photovoltaic DC SPD | High-voltage commercial and utility-scale PV strings | 1,500 V DC | 1,500 V DC | 20 kA | 40 kA | ≤25 ns | IEC 61643-31 | Confirm creepage and clearance distances, short-circuit withstand rating, and compatibility with 1,500 V PV equipment. |
| 4 | Low-voltage battery DC SPD | 48 V battery storage, telecommunications, and control power systems | 48 V DC | 60 V DC | 10 kA | 20 kA | ≤25 ns | IEC 61643-41, where applicable | Check polarity, continuous current capability, leakage current, and the required backup fuse or circuit breaker. |
| 5 | Medium-voltage battery DC SPD | 110 V DC industrial battery banks and substation control systems | 110 V DC | 150 V DC | 10 kA | 20 kA | ≤25 ns | IEC 61643-41, where applicable | Allow for the battery's highest equalization voltage and verify insulation coordination. |
| 6 | High-voltage battery DC SPD | 220–240 V DC UPS, emergency power, and industrial energy storage systems | 220–240 V DC | 275 V DC | 10 kA | 20 kA | ≤25 ns | IEC 61643-41, where applicable | Compare the protective voltage with the DC bus insulation rating and confirm thermal-disconnector behavior. |
| 7 | DC electric-vehicle charging SPD | DC fast-charging equipment and charging stations | 800–1,000 V DC | 1,000 V DC | 20 kA | 40 kA | ≤25 ns | IEC 61643-31 or applicable DC equipment requirements | Check the charger manufacturer's insulation limits, short-circuit rating, and coordination with the AC-side SPD. |
| 8 | 24 V DC control-line SPD | PLC, instrumentation, sensors, and industrial automation panels | 24 V DC | 30–36 V DC | 5 kA | 10 kA | ≤1 ns | IEC 61643-41 or IEC 61643-21, depending on circuit type | Select a low-capacitance design when signal integrity, measurement accuracy, or high-speed communication is important. |
| 9 | 48 V DC telecommunications SPD | Base stations, network cabinets, remote radio units, and telecom power systems | 48–60 V DC | 75 V DC | 5 kA | 10 kA | ≤1 ns | IEC 61643-21 | Evaluate insertion loss, voltage protection level, grounding arrangement, and the equipment's maximum operating voltage. |
| 10 | Railway and traction DC SPD | Railway signaling, trackside equipment, and traction auxiliary circuits | 750 V DC | 900–1,000 V DC | 20 kA | 40 kA | ≤25 ns | IEC 61643-31 or applicable railway standards | Prioritize vibration resistance, environmental sealing, coordination with rail bonding, and verified DC arc behavior. |
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